graph TD classDef hyperedge fill:#ffffff,stroke:#ffffff,stroke-width:0px,shape:circle,font-size:0; %% Philosophy hyperedge PH(( )) A@{ shape: procs, label: "Philosophy of Science" } B@{ shape: procs, label: "Metaphysics" } C@{ shape: procs, label: "Epistemology" } D@{ shape: procs, label: "Political Philosophy" } E@{ shape: procs, label: "Moral Philosophy" } F@{ shape: procs, label: "Philosophy of Culture" } A --- PH B --- PH C --- PH D --- PH E --- PH F --- PH class PH hyperedge %% Psychology & Creativity hyperedge PC(( )) G@{ shape: procs, label: "Theoretical Psychology" } I@{ shape: procs, label: "Cognitive Science" } H@{ shape: procs, label: " Creativity" } G --- PC H --- PC I --- PC class PC hyperedge %% STEM hyperedge ST(( )) J@{ shape: procs, label: "Computer Science" } K("
I am currently the Chief Scientist at Spiral Works, where we are automating creativity, science, and philosophy.
") J --- ST K --- ST class ST hyperedge %% Connect hyperedges PH --- PC PC --- ST
Samuel Schapiro

Samuel Schapiro

sam@spiralworks.ai

San Francisco Bay Area

Chief Scientist, Spiral Works

Artificial Intelligence and Philosophy of Science

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Transformational Scientific Creativity

Transformational Creativity in Science: A Graphical Theory

A new theory of transformational creativity in science that proves why modifications to first principles lead to groundbreaking scientific discoveries and contextualizes historical breakthroughs within this model.

ICCC 2025 [best short paper award]
Spark

Spark: A System for Scientifically Creative Idea Generation

An LLM-based system capable of generating novel scientific ideas and evaluating their creativity.

ICCC 2025
SAM GDA

Towards Understanding the Role of Sharpness-Aware Minimization Algorithms for Out-of-Distribution Generalization

Empirical and theoretical investigation of the properties of SAM variants in OOD generalization settings.

Under Review at TMLR 2025

Moral Philosophy, Theoretical Psychology, and Metaphysics

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Cognition of and Beyond Civilization

Cognition of and Beyond Civilization

A Guide for Free Thinkers and the Prelude to a Cultural Crusade.

Ongoing

A Mathematical Philosophy

Formalizing connections between metaphysics, science, and psychology.

Key Influences

  • Immanuel Kant
  • Friedrich Nietzsche
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Jean Jacques-Rousseau
  • Rene Girard
  • Arthur Schopenhauer

Library

"Pour inventer, il faut penser à côté."

07/2023
Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms

Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms

Shai Shalev-Shwartz and Shai Ben-David

Mathematics

11/2023
High Dimensional Probability

High Dimensional Probability

Roman Vershynin

Mathematics

09/2024
The Critique of Pure Reason

The Critique of Pure Reason

Immanuel Kant

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

10/2024
The World as Will

The World as Will and Representation

Arthur Schopenhauer

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

07/2024
Principles of Genetic Epistemology

The Principles of Genetic Epistemology

Jean Piaget

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

06/2024
Computational Philosophy of Science

Computational Philosophy of Science

Paul Thagard

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

10/2024
The Foundations of Scientific Inference

The Foundations of Scientific Inference

Wesley Salmon

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

12/2024
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Thomas Kuhn

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

11/2024
Propaganda

Propaganda

Edward Bernays

Political Philosophy

11/2024
The Social Contract

The Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Political Philosophy

11/2024
Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights

The Founding Fathers

Political Philosophy

10/2024
Genealogy of Morals

On the Genealogy of Morality

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

08/2024
Beyond Good and Evil

Beyond Good and Evil

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

10/2024
Human, All Too Human

Human, All Too Human

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

07/2024
Civilization and Its Discontents

Civilization and Its Discontents

Sigmund Freud

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

11/2024
The Future of an Illusion

The Future of an Illusion

Sigmund Freud

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

09/2024
Twilight of the Idols

Twilight of the Idols

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

10/2024
The Gay Science

The Gay Science

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

11/2024
The Antichrist

The Antichrist

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

12/2024
Industrial Society and Its Future

Industrial Society and Its Future

Theodore Kaczynski

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

07/2024
Group Psychology and Analysis of the Ego

Group Psychology and Analysis of the Ego

Sigmund Freud

Theoretical Psychology

05/2024
Psychology of the Unconscious

Psychology of the Unconscious

Carl Jung

Theoretical Psychology

07/2024
A Theory of Human Motivation

A Theory of Human Motivation

Abraham Maslow

Theoretical Psychology

07/2024
The Ego and the Id

The Ego and the Id

Sigmund Freud

Theoretical Psychology

05/2024
Creativity in Science

Creativity in Science: Chance, Logic, Genius, and Zeitgeist

Dean Keith Simonton

Creativity and Cognitive Science

06/2024
The Act of Creation

The Act of Creation

Arthur Koestler

Creativity and Cognitive Science

08/2024
The Creative Mind

The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms

Margaret A. Boden

Creativity and Cognitive Science

09/2024
Flight From Wonder

Flight From Wonder: An Investigation into Scientific Creativity

Albert Rothenberg

Creativity and Cognitive Science

01/2025
Prolegomena

Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics

Immanuel Kant

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

01/2025
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Political Philosophy

01/2025
Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

Immanuel Kant

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

01/2025
The Undiscovered Self

The Undiscovered Self

Carl Jung

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

01/2025
The Dawn of Day

The Dawn of Day: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

02/2025
On Liberty

On Liberty

John Stuart Mill

Political Philosophy

03/2025
The Critique of Practical Reason

The Critique of Practical Reason

Immanuel Kant

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

03/2025
Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences

Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences

Abraham Maslow

Theoretical Psychology

03/2025
When These Things Begin

When These Things Begin

René Girard

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

04/2025
Self Reliance

Self Reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

05/2025
The Way We Think

The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending And The Mind's Hidden Complexities

Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner

Creativity and Cognitive Science

06/2025
Conceptual Revolutions

Conceptual Revolutions

Paul Thagard

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

06/2025
The Birth of Tragedy

The Birth of Tragedy

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Morality and Culture

06/2025
Incommensurability in Science

Incommensurability in Science

Thomas Kuhn

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

06/2025
The Problem of Anxiety

The Problem of Anxiety

Sigmund Freud

Theoretical Psychology

Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge

Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge

Karl Popper

Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics, Epistemology

Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms

Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms

David MacKay

Mathematics